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In 1609 King Philip III ordered the expulsion of all Moriscos—Spaniards of Muslim descent—from Spain in an ongoing attempt to establish a homogeneous state and remove the last vestiges of Islam from his nation. Four centuries later, Spain and Europe are once again outraged by the presence of Islam within their borders, and, for many, the millions of Muslim immigrants now living there pose a fundamental challenge to European identity. Across the Atlantic Ocean, the vast Hispanic community in the United States, both legal and illegal, has raised similar fears. Exacerbated by globalization and 9/11, these nativist, anti-Islamic, and broadly anti-immigrant attitudes fatally undermine meaningful dialogue and progress essential to creating a more peaceful and just world.
In We Are All Moors, Anouar Majid contends that the acrimonious debates about immigration and Islam in the West are the cultural legacy of the conflict between Christians and Moors. Offering a groundbreaking new history of the West’s perception and treatment of minority cultures, Majid explores how “the Moor” emerged as the archetypal Other against which Europe would define itself. The characteristics attributed to this quintessential minority—racial inferiority, religious impurity, cultural incompatibility—would be reapplied to other non-European and non-Christian peoples: Native Americans, black Africans, Jews, and minority immigrant communities, among others.
The Moor, Majid reveals, has served as an unacknowledged but potent metaphor for all minority peoples in the West, endlessly reincarnated by the majority. Only by recognizing the connections between current fears about immigration and Islam and medieval Christianity’s crusade against the Moor, he argues, can we begin to redress centuries of oppression, learn from the tragedies of the past, and find common ground in a globalized world.
- Sales Rank: #1598245 in Books
- Published on: 2009-05-07
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .80" w x 6.00" l, 1.00 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 240 pages
Review
“Majid draws much-needed comparisons between events leading to atrocities like the Spanish Inquisition and present attitudes and trends, including growing disdain for Muslims in Europe and Hispanics in the U.S. Further, he shows how nations are strengthened by the acceptance and integration of the foreign (as is the trend, following initial xenophobic fits, in the U.S.), while cultural expulsion and/or cleansing hurts people and states (as in Germany's post-WWII ‘occupation and dismemberment’). With this intriguing historical analysis, Majid sounds a clear warning against the West's latest slide toward cultural scapegoating.” —Publishers Weekly
“An alternative history of European xenophobia that will stimulate and provoke readers across the political spectrum. This work will generate criticism and conversation; it will be taken up by intellectual reading clubs as well as graduate seminars and should be made available to all academic audiences as well as informed readers.” —Library Journal
"Majid’s book is a magnificent discussion of critical issues . . . . It is an important find for the most uninformed to the most sophisticated reader. " —CHOICE
About the Author
Anouar Majidis author of A Call for Heresy: Why Dissent is Vital to Islam and America (Minnesota, 2007). He is professor of English and founding director of the Center for Global Humanities at the University of New England in Maine and editor of Tingis, a Moroccan American magazine of ideas and culture.
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
great history, but a dangerous future
By Michael P. Korn
This book, although fascinating and well written, seems to have a hidden agenda of promoting the one world globalist economic agenda of the Internationalist and Illuminatist Banking Elites.
It rightly decries racism and prejudice, and documents how nationalism almost always is constructed on the backs of one or more groups of "despised others" who are different either in terms of race, religion, or language.
It presents a fascinating thesis that the origin of all modern day nationalistic xenophobia stems from the persecution by Catholic Spain of its Jewish and Moslem minorities. It also describes in terrible detail the travail of the Spanish Moslems, who were expelled in 1609 in the greatest act of ethnic cleansing in European history.
It also reveals great ironies of history, whereby the original organs of nationalistic racism, Spain and Catholicism, today are cast in the reverse role of the persecuted by the racist Anglo-Saxon American elites who seek to persecute Hispanic immigrants and their Catholic defenders.
But the alternative the author presents seems a bit too glib. He praises the right of oppressed groups to migrate across national borders without restriction to seek better jobs, but he never stops to consider the unfair economic policies promoted by the Internationalist Banksters and their corporate agents that disenfranchise these people in the first place. Even worse, he never tells us that these Banksters seek to recreate a world in which a tiny minority of wealthy elite live off the virtual economic enslavement of the vast majority of everyone else, and that their aim is to impose upon the US such a third world scenario.
The author focuses purely on the sociological aspects of racism, while ignoring the larger and broader issues of economic injustice. Perhaps this is understandable, given his background as a Moroccan immigrant seeking to make it in the world of American academia, which inevitably means kow towing to the corporate and financial elites. But one wonders if he is being used, either unwittingly or deliberately, as a kind of emotive propagandist for the New World Order Banking elites.
Consider this sentence that appears towards the end of the book (page 159) and judge for yourself:
"Given the escalating tragedies produced by fences and unequal opportunities, it would be far better and more consistent with our liberal aspiration to imagine a world in which all humans moved and worked freely on a planet that was deeded to no one."
This statement is either hopelessly naive or extraordinarily cynical, for how many immigrants can be said to have "moved and worked freely", rather than simply having reacted with desperation to an oppressive economic regime that forces them out of the fying pan of Mexico into the fire of American low wage zero benefits economic wage-servititude?
To those with even a cursory familiarity with the Internet, it is obvious that the Globalist elites promote the "free movement of labor and capital" as a way to reduce all nations to a lowest common denominator of pseudo capitalistic, third world inequality, disparity, and impoverishment. Perhaps Mr. Majid expects to be among the privileged few in the New World Economic Order, in which he will be able to drink champagne and smoke fine cigars with his fellow academic apologists for the New World Order elites, ensconced in comfortable limousines that escort him to academic meetings and prestigious think tanks as they wall out the muffled sounds of human misery and desperation that rise up in the tenements and barrios all around him.
7 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
I chanced on this book and I love it
By Roger Green
I knew nothing about this book, chanced on it on Amazon, and ordered it. I feared the worst - a dry hard to read book written by an academic. But I couldn't put it down. I am now re-reading it to absorb the details. It is well-written. It is well-documented but skillfully. Unobtrusive numbers lead to notes in the back which provide the references. The ones I know are good ones.
I should say that I know something about the subject. Though a scientist all my professional life, I have had a side interest in history of religion for a long time and in retirement I have studied it heavily. Last year I led off an Oxford Round Table on a related subject. I thought I knew all about the Islamic period in Spain (Andalusia) and about the "Christian" Reconquest and the shameful events that immediately followed it. I learned a lot more from this book, but I especially learned about the context of it and the pattern of events that grew out of it and affect us right up to today. I knew something about Muslims in early American history, for example I had read Sylvanie Diouf's 1998 book "Servants of Allah: African muslims enslaved in the Americas", but this book opened my eyes to not only Muslims among black slaves including some whose abilities were recognized by their masters and rose to responsible positions, but also to Muslims among early explorers of the American West and the moorish racial and cultural component of the Spanish in Mexico. His views on current American political dynamics related to actual and imagined Muslims are fascinating and - to me - convincing. Those who don't know of the historical closeness of Jews and Muslims, in their own perceptions and in the prejudices of others toward them, should read this book.
I highly recommend this book. I hope that Anouar Majid writes more along this line. By the way, the one negative review here is really dumb but perhaps forgivable given that its author more-or-less admits that his negative reaction prevented him from reading past the Introduction.
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The above comments were written in 2009, and it is now 2014. I just want to add that (a) I have re-read this book a number of times and in fact am doing so at the moment, (b) the number of stars this book gets is influenced by the four 1-star negative reviews, and (c) those four apparently right-wing reviewers are not very widely read or open to new ideas presented in a well-documented book.
4 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Contemporary Immigrant Haters Have Unsavory Ancestors
By Ayman
We Are All Moors: Ending Centuries of Crusades against Muslims and Other Minorities by Anouar Majid is a must-read for all immigrants and civil rights activists in Europe and North America.
I've previously reviewed A Call for Heresy: Why Dissent is Vital to Islam and America by Professor Anouar. I also have his book, Freedom and Orthodoxy: Islam and Difference in the Post-Andalusian Age, which I now have renewed impetus to read and review.
We Are All Moors is organized into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction lays out the thesis that the Iberian Peninsula's unified kingdoms of Aragon and Castile began the modern era of the nation-state with the policy of religious and ethnic purification and that the archetype Moors can represent groups all around Europe and North America which governments have viewed as obstacles to consolidation of the purified policy.
Chapter 1 examines the case of the Muslims and Jews in Spain. Professor Anouar amasses documentary evidence of this process. Each is astounding, and this characteristic throughout the entire book makes the book both enjoyable and difficult to summarize. For example, Professor Anouar documents how religion transformed into ethnicity, so that even the Christian descendants of Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula were subject to the state's sanctions. I also did not know that the Muslims were not expelled in 1492, but rather they persevered in the Iberian Peninsula openly for decades and secretly for longer and in the fears of the state for centuries.
Chapter 2, entitled "New World Moors," narrates stories of Muslims and those mistaken for Muslims in the Americas. Fascinatingly, the Spanish often considered the native Americans to be "Moors," as that fit well with the ideology of conquest inherited from the Reconquista. The chapter also address Muslims in the United States, particularly the proto-Islamic movements, most notably the Nation of Islam.
Chapter 3, "The Muslim Jews," shows how the Othering process developed in the Iberian Peninsula provided the tools for the Othering of Europe's other significan religious minority, Jews. Moreover, leading Jews of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries often asserted a Muslim identity or affiliation as they were asserting Jews' rights in Europe. In fact, Dr. Anouar writes:
If [contemporary conflicting Jews and Muslims] were to bracket off the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a serious but, in the end, political problem and explore the history and bonds they share, perhaps enough goodwill could be generated to help Israelis and Palestinians and other aggrieved Muslims work out a solution.
At the very least, I hope this chapter will convince Muslims to refrain from reproducing inane European anti-semetic rhetoric.
Chapter 4 is, in my mind, the most important chapter of the book for a general U.S. and European audience. "Undesirable Aliens: Hispanics in America, Muslims in Europe" compares the current anti-immigrant hysteria with previous manifestations, demonstrating that the very same arguments used against primarily Hispanic immigrants in the United States were used against previous Others. In fact, even anti-immigrant intellectuals like Samuel Huntington had their antecedents in the halls of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Even more revealing, however, is that the arguments and methods have their antecedents in the Inquisition of the Iberian Peninsula discussed in the introduction and Chapter 1.
This whole sad story is only lightened by the resilience of the "Moors" of each age, whose presence each successive wave of persecution fails to erase. Dr. Anouar concludes by relating several instances of acceptance of the "Moor" and the increasing realization that globalization is making the idea of Inquisitorial purity less and less tenable. The United States has a Melville strand of thought upon which it can draw to end its war on its most recent Moors, the largely Hispanic undocumented immigrant population.
Should we make a conscious effort to attain a state of irreversible mestizaje, there is no better group than the Mexicans to lead the way. It is not insignificant that it was a Mexican intellectual who coined the expresion "cosmic race" early in the twentieth century. As ... Gregory Rodriguez has shown ..., although Mexicans are the "largest immigrant group in the history of the United States," the Mexican culture of mestizaje impels them toward inclusion through intermarriage and adaptation. ... Miscgenation, or rather, mestizaje, characterized the birth of modern Mexico, from the moment Spanish conquistadors encountered the Aztec empire.
Dr. Anouar movingly concludes:
It is far more sensible to start preparing for a new golden age when every human being on earth and every cultural tradition will be embraced with the love and care now accorded to any species threatened with extenction.
Lastly, the book has 26 pages of notes and 26 pages of index to facilitate review and further research. The University of Minnesota Press is to be congratulated for including these materials.
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