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Across nineteenth-century New England, antiquarians and community leaders wrote hundreds of local histories about the founding and growth of their cities and towns. Ranging from pamphlets to multivolume treatments, these narratives shared a preoccupation with establishing the region as the cradle of an Anglo-Saxon nation and the center of a modern American culture. They also insisted, often in mournful tones, that New England’s original inhabitants, the Indians, had become extinct, even though many Indians still lived in the very towns being chronicled. In Firsting and Lasting, Jean M. O’Brien argues that local histories became a primary means by which European Americans asserted their own modernity while denying it to Indian peoples. Erasing and then memorializing Indian peoples also served a more pragmatic colonial goal: refuting Indian claims to land and rights. Drawing on more than six hundred local histories from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island written between 1820 and 1880, as well as censuses, monuments, and accounts of historical pageants and commemorations, O’Brien explores how these narratives inculcated the myth of Indian extinction, a myth that has stubbornly remained in the American consciousness. In order to convince themselves that the Indians had vanished despite their continued presence, O’Brien finds that local historians and their readers embraced notions of racial purity rooted in the century’s scientific racism and saw living Indians as “mixed” and therefore no longer truly Indian. Adaptation to modern life on the part of Indian peoples was used as further evidence of their demise. Indians did not—and have not—accepted this effacement, and O’Brien details how Indians have resisted their erasure through narratives of their own. These debates and the rich and surprising history uncovered in O’Brien’s work continue to have a profound influence on discourses about race and indigenous rights.
- Sales Rank: #3937448 in Books
- Published on: 2010-05-10
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .90" w x 5.50" l, 1.00 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 320 pages
About the Author
Jean M. O’Brien (White Earth Ojibwe) is associate professor of history at the University of Minnesota, where she is also affiliated with American Indian studies and American studies. She is the author of Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650–1790.
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Impressive Analysis with Wide-Ranging Implications
By Hunter
When you first open up Firsting and Lasting, it feels momentarily overwhelming to begin the book with Jean O’Brien’s “Note on Sources.” O’Brien started with every (every!) local history produced between 1820 and 1880 of all of the towns and cities of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, and then supplemented this with pamphlets on local commemorations, Fourth of July celebrations, and more. This book is an impressive effort in terms of how many texts it encompasses, and O’Brien’s analysis is equally impressive. She does the work of figuring out how all of these historical narratives – many of which, she admits, have since been forgotten – helped form the origin story and definition of the United States as a nation. This is important and incredible work, and it’s brilliantly written.
O’Brien’s work in this book centers on an important contradiction: why did local texts in this period insist on the disappearance and extinction of Indigenous people in New England when they clearly continued to exist? As O’Brien writes, “romanticized constructions of generalized Indians doomed to disappear was one thing; it was quite another to contemplate the ‘extinction’ of Indian peoples who might instead have been your neighbors” (p. xiv). Following this contradiction, O’Brien’s book tracks the ways in which Indigenous people in New England were recognized as tribal nations, the ways that non-Indigenous people in New England refused or for some reason failed to recognized Indigenous peoples as Indigenous, and how this erasure was and is resisted by Indigenous people themselves.
O’Brien uses local histories of towns and cities in New England, many of which were produced by amateur historians for the United State’s centennial, to analyze the nature of this erasure. She tracks the ways in which these historians promoted claims of firsting (being the first civilized people to live on the land, among other ways in which texts claimed land as their own), replacing (practices and texts that argued that European settlers have rightfully taken over the land from Indigenous people), and lasting (the ways in which these texts remove or “purify” the landscape of Indians by relegating them to the past and denying them access to modernity). O’Brien concludes with resistance, or places in which this story of ‘firsting and lasting’ ruptures: where, for example, Indigenous people show up as invitees to ceremonies that also, simultaneously, mourn their extinction. She also describes the life story of William Apess and his work as an activist and intellectual, especially in the ways that he defined a political stance for a location in modernity for New England Indians.
This book is a vivid example of what it means to do history that is immediately relevant to the present. As a white person descended from settlers from New England, I recognized the narratives in this story immediately: while the names of these local historians have long since disappeared, the stories that they constructed that wrote “Indians out of existence in New England,” as O’Brien puts it in her subtitle, are stories that are told again and again in schools, in ‘living history’ sites, and in the monuments and memorials that nineteenth-century contemporaries built all over New England. O’Brien also makes a strong argument for the ways that these historians wrote these local histories as part of a growing anxiety about the declining importance of New England as the origin of the nation. This means that these histories, rather than being isolated events that pertain at most to the New England context, are actively working to be narratives defining the American nation.
In this way, O’Brien’s book provides an important contribution to broader fields of settler colonialism and decolonization. Others in this field have done important work defining how conceptions of nation and state are dependent on land and Indigeneity: Jodi Byrd, for example, in Transits of Empire tracks the ways that notions of indigeneity are employed in the expansion of empire and Aileen Moreton-Robinson, in The White Possessive, argues for the way that logics of possession are central to the ways that white first world states operate and practice their work. With Firsting and Lasting, O’Brien’s truly impressive (both in terms of her analysis as well as the vast amount of material that she explored) study does the work of figuring out some of the ways in which these notions of nation are enacted and reinforced by settlers on the ground, and how seemingly-inconsequential documents do the work of constructing the settler-colonial nation and legitimizing its existence on occupied land.
Most immediately, if you live in a settler-colonial nation like the United States or Canada, Firsting and Lasting will change the way that you look at your country and city. It’s impossible not to see the ways that this narrative is actively constructed and maintained by the nation and continues to be resisted by Indigenous people: it is apparent from the stories told in classrooms to the ongoing legal battles for Indigenous land claims and recognition at the governmental level. Many of the monuments in Canada and the US were built in the time period that she discusses, and their inscriptions tell the same story, implicated in it whether or not they speak of Indigenous people, in their arguments about “what counts as legitimate history, and who counts as legitimate peoples” (xviii). O’Brien’s book may use documents from the past as its text, but its subject matter is decidedly contemporary. When it comes down to it, this is an excellent book, and it should be widely read, for its relevance to history and to many other interdisciplinary fields.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Four Stars
By historybuff
Very interesting study. Well researched and conceptualized.
4 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
That Other Reviewer Doesn't Get It
By Michael
Dr. O'Brien's analysis brilliantly demonstrates the way colonists--and the generations who followed them--used language to rhetorically place Native Americans continually on the cusp of extinction. To claim that O'Brien is not "objective" enough is to miss the now-mundane point that the writing of history is never "neutral," and that claims of neutrality are often used to serve those who have power. There is, I believe, a cliche about this: something about history being written by the victors. If I were to choose a single book to powerfully illustrate that truism, it very well might be O'Brien's.
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